Musings on Expectations in Music

When we listen to music that we like, we inherently follow along with the tune. There is almost a little voice that sings along within our heads as the music unfolds. This may be in terms of melody, harmony, rhythm, or structure, depending on the complexity of the piece and the level of sophistication of the audience.


In essence, the listening process is much akin to comparing what you hear with a template within your head. When it matches with your mental template - that is, when anticipations are met, we feel gratified. Very soon, anticipations become expectations. Again, when expectations are fulfilled, the listener feels settled and comforted. I believe this is probably the case when a level of accord, or resonance is established. 


Once certain auditory expectations have been met consistently, if a situation arises when our expectations are violated, tension is generated.  We are essentially "thrown off". In the works of many prolific classical composers, namely Mozart, Beethoven - this area has been exploited in such a creative and subtle manner that not only does it lead to an internal gasp within the listener, but can also send shivers down the spine. 


When applied to a more extensive level, as in visual comedy, humor is created when  expectations are violated as surmised by Professor Rowan Atkinson (famous comedian) in his video "Laughing Matters". For instance, a scene is likely to be considered humorous when expectations of magnitude (or scale) is violated. It is likely for an audience to perceive humor in a scene if a man is eating a watermelon the size of a grape due to the violation of scale. Alternatively, when an eminent and highly respected figure is expected to appear, while a figure of questionable repute shows up at the door instead - this violation of expectation of character and stature can create a momentary impact on the audience. This juxtaposition of extremes creates a scenario of tension that is often perceived as ridiculous and shocking, and hence funny.


Please click here to view video "Laughing Matters" by Prof. Rowan Atkinson 




Expectation is a basic facet of human nature. We look forward to a level of consistency and security, however, just like most situations in life, as soon as we have been dwelling in the comfort zone for too long, we tend to take things for granted and turn a blind eye to what is at hand. Even the best things in life can begin to lose their charm and flavor.


Due to our inherently curious and inquisitive nature, once a specific expectation has been satisfied, we yearn for more. This level of violation of expectations in music constantly keeps us "on our toes". In this condition, out attention becomes fully engaged as we are involved in the process of discovery and appreciation. Within those split seconds, we suspend our judgement, and are capable of losing ourselves in the music.


Below is a video of how Bobby McFerrin creates a level of expectation from the audience. After a while, the audience has built up an internal sense of expectation, and is able to follow his dance steps and ultimately becomes his choral "dance-step keyboard".  


Click here to view: Bobby McFerrin at the World Science Festival



Personal Quotes:

"Violation of expectation in an impersonal way can be perceived as amusing and humorous, occurrence of such in a personal way can be experienced as disappointing and traumatic."

 ~ Angela Chan ~

"The human mind is impeccable. We can be in two bodies at the same time - being that of the performer and the audience all at once." ~Angela Chan ~

By Angela Chan

(c)  Copyrighted 30 September, 2009.